Composition II Telecourse Essay Example For Students

Piece II Telecourse Essay January 20, 1999The Issue of Human CloningWith the ongoing disclosure of the capacity to clone a grown-up sheep, touches off numerousquestions concerning the moral and good issues considering in the end cloning a humanbeing. The controversity encompassing the inevitable chance of cloning people. For themost part, be that as it may, the moral concerns being raised are overstated and lost, since they depend on mistaken perspectives about what qualities are and what they can do. The risk, along these lines, lies not in the intensity of the innovation, yet in the misconception of its noteworthiness. Delivering a clone of an individual would not add up to making a duplicate a robot of the sort natural fromscience fiction. It would be progressively similar to delivering a postponed indistinguishable twin. Also, similarly as indistinguishable twins are two separate individuals naturally, mentally, ethically and legitimately, however not hereditarily so a clone is a different individual from his or hernon-contemporaneous twin. To think in any case is to grasp a faith in hereditary determinism-the view that qualities decide every little thing about us, and that ecological elements or the arbitrary occasions in human advancement are totally immaterial. The staggering accord among geneticists is that hereditary determinism is bogus. As geneticists have come to comprehend the manners by which qualities work, they have likewise gotten mindful of the bunch manners by which nature influences their demeanor. The hereditary commitment to the least complex physical characteristics, for example, stature and hair shading, is fundamentally intervened by natural variables. Furthermore, the hereditary commitment to the qualities we esteem most profoundly, from insight to sympathy, is surrendered by even the most excited hereditary specialists to be restricted and backhanded. To be sure, we need just intrigue to our normal involvement in indistinguishable twins-that they are various i ndividuals in spite of their likenesses to value that hereditary determinism is bogus. Moreover, in view of the additional means included, cloning will presumably consistently be more dangerous that is, less inclined to bring about a livebirth-than in vitro treatment (IVF) and undeveloped organism move. (It took in excess of 275 endeavors before the specialists had the option to get a fruitful sheep clone. While cloning strategies may improve, we should take note of that even standard IVF procedures commonly have a triumph pace of under 20 percent.) So for what reason would anybody go to the difficulty of cloning? There are, obviously, a couple of reasons individuals may go to the difficulty, thus its value contemplating what they think they mightaccomplish, and what kind of moral scrapes they may induce. Consider the speculative case of the couple who needs to supplant a youngster who has kicked the bucket. The couple doesnt look to have another youngster the customary way since th ey feel that cloning would empower them to replicate, in a manner of speaking, the lost kid. Yet, the unavoidable truth is that they would deliver a completely extraordinary individual, a deferred indistinguishable twin of that kid. When they got that, it is far-fetched they would continue. Be that as it may, assume they were to continue? Obviously we cannot deny that chance. In any case, a couple so steady in declining to recognize the hereditary realities isn't probably going to be overwhelmed by moral contemplations or legitimate limitations either. On the off chance that our dread is that there could be numerous couples with that kind of brain research, at that point we have significantly more than cloning to stress over. Another upsetting chance is the individual who needs a clone so as to have satisfactory extra parts on the off chance that the person needs an organ transplant further down the road. Be that as it may, paying little mind to the explanation that somebody has a c lone created, the outcome would all things considered be an individual with all the rights and securities that go with that status. It genuinely would be a calamity if the aftereffects of human cloning were viewed as not exactly completely human. Yet, there is positively no ethical legitimization for and minimal social risk of that occurrence; all things considered, we don't accord lesser status to kids who have been made through IVF or undeveloped organism move. .u720c919fb3068da38d99f17c427c5d5e , .u720c919fb3068da38d99f17c427c5d5e .postImageUrl , .u720c919fb3068da38d99f17c427c5d5e .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u720c919fb3068da38d99f17c427c5d5e , .u720c919fb3068da38d99f17c427c5d5e:hover , .u720c919fb3068da38d99f17c427c5d5e:visited , .u720c919fb3068da38d99f17c427c5d5e:active { border:0!important; } .u720c919fb3068da38d99f17c427c5d5e .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u720c919fb3068da38d99f17c427c5d5e { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u720c919fb3068da38d99f17c427c5d5e:active , .u720c919fb3068da38d99f17c427c5d5e:hover { murkiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u720c919fb3068da38d99f17c427c5d5e .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .u720c919fb3068da38d99f17c427c5d5e .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .u720c919fb3068da38d99f17c427c5d5e .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u720c919fb3068da38d99f17c427c5d5e .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u720c919fb3068da38d99f17c427c5d5e:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u720c919fb3068d a38d99f17c427c5d5e .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u720c919fb3068da38d99f17c427c5d5e-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u720c919fb3068da38d99f17c427c5d5e:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Point by Point Essay Method There are different prospects we could turn out. Assume several needs a fashioner kid a clone of Cindy Crawford or Elizabeth Taylor-since they need a little girl who will grow up to be as appealing as those ladies. In fact, assume somebody needs a clone, never brain of whom, just to appreciate the reputation of having one. We can't preclude such cases as unimaginable. A few people produce kids for a wide range of pointless or detestable reasons. Yet, we should recollect that cloning isn't as simple as setting off to a video store or as connecting as the conventional method of making babies. Given the physical and passionate weights that cloning would include, all things considered, such cases would be exceedingly uncommon. Yet, in the event that that is all in all, why item to a prohibition on human cloning? What's up with setting a legitimate obstruction in the way of those withdesires unreasonable enough or dreams unmanageable enough to look for cloning regardless of its constraine d potential and impressive expenses? For a certain something, these are only the individuals that a legitimate boycott would be most drastically averse to dissuade. Be that as it may, progressively significant, a legitimate boundary may well cause cloning to show up more encouraging than it is to an a lot bigger gathering of individuals. On the off chance that there were huge enthusiasm for applying this innovation to individuals, it would demonstrate an inability to instruct individuals thatgenetic determinism is significantly mixed up. Under those conditions too, be that as it may, a restriction on human cloning would not exclusively be ineffectual yet additionally in all likelihood counterproductive. Ineffectual in light of the fact that, as others have brought up, the innovation doesn't appear to require complex and profoundly obvious research center offices; cloning could undoubtedly go underground. Counterproductive in light of the fact that a boycott may urge individuals to a ccept that there is a logical reason for a portion of the mainstream fears related with human cloning-that there is something to hereditary determinism all things considered. There is an agreement among the two geneticists and those composition on moral, lawful and social parts of hereditary research, that hereditary determinism isn't just bogus, yet malignant; it conjures recollections of pseudo-logical supremacist and eugenic projects commenced on the conviction that what we esteem in individuals is completely reliant on their hereditary gift or the shade of their skin. In spite of the fact that most individuals from our general public currently shun racial determinism, our way of life despite everything expect that qualities contain a people fate. It would be deplorable if, by regarding cloning as an awfully hazardous innovation, we empowered this social fantasy, even as we barge in on the wide opportunity our general public awards individuals with respect to multiplication. We o ught to recall that a large portion of us accept individuals ought to be permitted to choose with whom to recreate, when to replicate and what number of youngsters they ought to have. We don't condemn a lady who takes a fruitfulness medicate with the goal that she can impact when she has youngsters or even what number of. Why, at that point, would we object if a lady chooses to bring forth a kid who is, in actuality, a non-contemporaneous indistinguishable twin of another person? By contending against a boycott, I am not guaranteeing that there are no genuine moral worries to the control of human qualities. Without a doubt there are. For instance, in the event that it worked out that specific alluring attributes with respect to scholarly capacities or character could be acknowledged through the control of human qualities, which of these improvements, assuming any, ought to be accessible? Be that as it may, such inquiries are about hereditary designing, which is an unexpected issue i n comparison to cloning. Cloning is a rough strategy for attribute choice: It essentially takes a prior, u

History of McDonald’s

McDonald’s with about 30.000 cafés in 121 nations; was established in 1948 at San Bernardino, USA. Its business objectives are fulfilled workers, progressively fulfilled visitors and a superior economy. They think about representatives as their primary resource and as needs be, have attempted human asset projects and practices called the â€Å"People Promise†.â Their prosperity was because of value, brisk help, tidiness and incentive for cash. In 1997, McDonald’s partitioned its HR into three gatherings: the Service Center, HR Business Partners and the HR Design Center. The HR Design Center utilizes HR specialists who create, test and execute frameworks material to employees’ apparatuses, which are at the front line of research and which are intended to improve in general business results. The Measurement and Organizational Effectiveness bunch manages worker duty overviews so as to normalize significant information, to contemplate practices and approaches that influence turnover, efficiency, consumer loyalty, deals and gainfulness. I-O therapists have assumed a basic job in Leadership Assessment and Development, which manages the official progression arranging process, senior administration criticism and instructing and other senior authority improvement programs. Executing competency-based individuals frameworks, McDonald’s has acknowledged scholarly capital by helping every individual convey business results. This is the People Promise activity, which recognizes measurements that identify with the accomplishment of this key methodology. Notwithstanding leading occupation investigations and test approval examines, I †O therapists likewise develop and survey strategies fitting for catching basic factors that measure generally speaking business achievement. â€Å"I-O clinicians at McDonald’s are currently, in a situation to establish a key job in characterizing the scene, recognizing the key signs and estimating how far an association has gone to arrive at its general goals† (Matt Barney, July 2001). McDonald's connects extraordinary significance to conferring information about the advantages of a decent eating regimen and dynamic way of life not exclusively to its clients yet in addition to its workers. As of late, Peter Beresford, CEO of the UK wing of McDonald’s, attempt has been to improve correspondences. He has started various spearheading measures like ‘Ask Peter', an immediate email, ‘Town Halls', a month to month live online occasion where board individuals answer inquiries from staff, and the MDUK staff magazine. The representatives have invited these progressions entire heartedly (HR Challenges. sixth September 2005). Sources HR challenges †¦ I’m lovin’ it., sixth September 2005. Recovered nineteenth April 2006, structure http://www.personneltoday.com/Articles/2005/09/06/31465/HR+challenges+I'm+lovin'+it.htm Matt Barney, Macro, Meso, Micro: McDonald’s, Retrieved April 17, 2006 from http://siop.org/tip/backissues/tipjul01/17barney.htm Â

Can Art Therapy Help My Troubled Teen

Can Art Therapy Help My Troubled Teen Psychotherapy Print Can Art Therapy Help My Troubled Teen? By Kathryn Rudlin, LCSW Updated on January 19, 2020 JGI / Tom Grill / Getty Images More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy Art therapy uses materials such as paint, oil pastels, markers, clay or crayons as a means of self-expression. The process of working with the materials and creating a final product helps troubled teens gain self-understanding, learn better coping methods and work through problems. Art therapy can be used for many problems that teenagers face and it can even be used to reach the toughest of teens. What Is Art Therapy? Art therapists are specially trained in both psychological and artistic principles. This training directs them in choosing the materials and focus appropriate to a teens specific needs. In art therapy sessions, a teen is asked to use the materials to develop art around a certain idea. For example, teens may be asked to create: A portrait of how they think others see themPaint what their sadness feels likeA photo collage about their feelings from magazine clippingsSculpt their family from clayMake a mask that helps them feel more secure when talking about their problemsA visual journal as an alternative way to express their feelings daily In some instances, the teen may also be asked to participate in group art therapy sessions. Why Art Therapy May Help Troubled Teens This therapeutic approach appeals to many teens as a way to externalize their inner world. A teen does not need to have any artistic talent to benefit from this approach. The therapist does not interpret the final product. It is up to the teen to share and talk about whatever information they choose. In this type of specialized therapy, the focus is on the process of creating and, to a lesser extent, on the final product. The teen is encouraged to: Verbalize during the process of creatingComment on their reactions to the final product Creating is the primary initial focus, increased self-understanding usually comes later. Art therapy programs are offered in most residential programs for teens and are also available on an outpatient basis. Advantages of Art Therapy Traditional individual therapy can feel like cross-examination to some teens. Others dont express themselves well verbally. In some cases, a teens problems are too painful or complicated to put into words. As a type of expressive therapy, art therapy works very well with some teens because it is: Non-threatening with less of a direct focus on the teen.A safe outlet for expressing what they are feeling inside.A process over which the teen feels a sense of control.The session is both interesting and creative.A way to discover underlying thoughts and feelings.Easier to develop a strong relationship with the therapist. For some teens, art is a better language to communicate than talking. Because this is an attractive type of therapy for teens, they are more likely to continue to participate and stick with the process until the problems improve.

What Purpose And Composition Of An Ideal State Should Be...

Among the more controversial intellectual ventures of continental philosophers is answering the question of what the purpose and composition of an ideal state should be and the consequences of that state on its citizens. Philosophers Hegel and Rousseau found common ground in the need for a form of authority separate from the collective people, but they prescribed different types of government based on their conflicting views on a state’s exact role in relation to the citizens. At the heart of both Rousseau and Hegel’s political theories is their anxiety about the alienation of the individual. In The Social Contract, Rousseau asserts that an individual is alienated from in nature because he is trapped in systems of envy and desire, shaped†¦show more content†¦Despite this qualification, an elected aristocracy based in popular sovereignty is Rousseau’s ideal form of government. In an elected aristocracy the wisest govern the many which is ideal so long as they govern for the profit of the state and not for their own selfish goals. Assemblies are more easily held and issues are better discussed, both ingredients for a strong state ruled by the people. A government composed of popularly elected magistrates and a legislator are the key features of Rousseau’s state. Rousseau said â€Å"He who has command over men ought not to have command over laws, or else his laws would be the ministers of his passions and would serve to perpetua te injustices.† The legislator is necessary because although citizens want what is best for the collective, they do not usually think about what specifically would be best. Ideally, the legislative body would be a disinterested but all-knowing power objectively establishing rules. The social compact of the people breathes life into the body politic, and legislator gives it movement and will. When citizens vote they vote in favor of their own self-interests, but all citizens have common needs and desires so the majority of rational voters will reflect these collective agreements. The collective desires of the majority willShow MoreRelatedProduction Consumption And The City Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesaddressed by â€Å"Max Weber† trough his methodology of â€Å"Ideal Types† in which he describes that the explanation of the sociological generalizations happens through the understanding and the identification of the probabilities of actions. Despite it the infinite number of factors that give rise to a certain phenomenon, and according to his view by focusing on those features or factors the researcher can develop adequate explanations. T herefore the Ideal Types were the tools through which the general conceptsRead MoreImportance Of Art And Its Effect On Society1435 Words   |  6 Pagessociety. To begin with, it has quantifiable benefits in areas including therapy and education thanks to it s fluid, ambiguous, and creative nature. Equally, it is difficult to find enjoyment or fulfillment in life without it – it gives a sense of purpose and meaning to members of a vocation-based society which is too easy to perceive as a machine in the absence of the arts. It is capable of opening discussions and recording as well as spurring ideological and historical change while being able toRead MoreSocial Norms And Its Effects On Society Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesthe sexuality and gender identities of LGBTQIA+ youths, causing them emotional distress. As humans, we feel more comfortable putting ourselves into categories. We find comfort in belonging to the same category, therefore emphasizing that everyone should fall into neat little boxes. One such box is being heterosexual and cisgendered, as opposed to being homosexual or bisexual, and transgendered or non-gender conforming. In Kate Henley Averett’s journal article on LGBTQ parenting, The Gender BuffetRead MoreContingency Theories Of Contingency Theory1783 Words   |  8 Pagestheory advances a determined part of key administrative choice making over association framework, structure, culture and procedures (Donaldson 1990, 379). The contingency theory is deeply rooted in the postmodern discourse and without understanding the ideals that underlines postmodernism one cannot understand contingency theory. Postmodernism destroyed much of the notions of authority and assumptions of control. 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These adverse psychological and health consequences can continue into adulthood (Reilly et al., 2003) therefore effective weight loss interventions treating childhood obesity are essential to prevent adult obesity and its related health consequences. The key changes have been identified as dietary and physical activity behaviours (Michie, Abraham, Whittington, McAteer, 2009) and should therefore be the primary targets of these interventions. Although intensiveRead MoreEthical Dilemma And Ethical Dilemmas2006 Words   |  9 Pages In general, as human beings we go through transformation beyond recognition this may be because of the frequent encounters with ethical dilemmas. â€Å"Ethical dilemmas are problems without a satisfactory resolution†. What makes ethical dilemmas particularly difficult is that they often involve conflicts between two or more deeply held beliefs. These dilemmas can transpire within family, work and relationships. 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The restriction impose by the market and by the state are affecting and threatening internet. Changes in the copyright and patent laws and the regulation of broadcast seem to protect the interest of few against new way of doing things. Law and technology are constantly increasing control on the usesRead MoreReligion and Bioethics: Physician Assisted Suicide, a Religious Perspective2205 Words   |  9 Pageswhich allow for no exception. They might even take this ideal further and assert that these â€Å"moral rules† are implanted by God into every person; in doing so supporting the idea of a â€Å"common morality,† or truly universal moral standard. The intrinsic value and personal dignity of every human being does not change depending on their circumstances† (Pope John Paul II.) Kant did not judge the morality of actions based upon their consequences, as the consequentialist supporters of teleological theory

Essay on Women’s Role in Society Throughout the Years

Modernism is the term of deviating from the norm. In the early 1900s, modernism influenced women’s role in society by providing more opportunities, jobs, and role models for girls today, in society. In the 1920s-1940s, women were encouraged to step outside of the home and work, but on the other hand, women were also encouraged to be stay-at-home mothers. Women should stay at home if they have the ability to do so. However, women should not feel like they have to be isolated from the rest of the world with chores and children all day. In 1920, The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote. The Equal Right Amendment, often referred as (ERA), was first introduced to Congress in 1923. The amendment should have equal rights, and provokes†¦show more content†¦The next year in 1932, Hattie Wyatt Caraway of Arkansas, became the first woman Women had more leaders to look up too, including their very own first lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, who was very supportive. She held her very own press conference, allowing only women reporters to attend. Eleanor was different from the previous first ladies. She spoke out during conventions and conferences. She portrayed herself as a true woman, who was worthy, like any man would have. Marian Anderson, a famous singer, gave a private concert at the White House for President Roosevelt. He was entertaining the famous King George VI and his Queen Elizabeth of Britain. During the war in the 1940s, an aggressive media campaign urged more than six million women into the workforce. It is astonishing seeing each year; there were better accomplishments that women were making. Many learned new techniques such as working in steel plants, shipyards, and lumber mills. Sports also became a new and admired era in this time. The famous â€Å"Rosie the Riveter†, â€Å"We Can Do It!† was a part of the governor campaign that brought women into the workplace during the war. Following the end of WWII, most of these jobs went back to the men, and women were encouraged to either return back home or find a â€Å"female† job. This reveals that women were used. They were only needed when most of the men were in the war. InShow MoreRelatedWomen During The Centuries Of Women1534 Words   |  7 PagesSedona Swanner History 1301 Mr. Spence 12/7/15 Women Throughout the Centuries Women have held essential roles in society for centuries. In the beginning of most civilizations and colonies in the U.S., women were seen as inferiors to men, but over time women slowly gained more rights and became of more importance to society. Women started out as being viewed as subordinate beings who were to be useful by tending to families, the household, and gather and prepare food. 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Advocates for womens rights initiated this movement as they yearned for equality and equal participation and representation in society. Throughout all of history, the jobs of women ranged from housewives to factory workers, yet oppression by society, particularly men, accompanied them in their everyd ayRead MoreThe Abolition Of The Civil War1679 Words   |  7 Pagesmid 1800s, the issue of slavery and its expansion had become a major controversial element of American history, resulting in the transpiration of the Civil War. Between the years of 1861 and 1865, conflict between the North and South had emerged, causing bloodshed at America’s most dominant period of history. Throughout the year 1861, intense conflict between the North and South over issues of states’ liberties, federal power, westward expansion, and slavery had impelled the Civil War. 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Should America and Canada Have a Common Economy Free Essays

People have always wondered what it would be like to step in the shoes of others – people that are completely different from them and see the differences and similarities in their lives. These days even countries are thinking of the same question. For example, what if, Canada started sharing its economy with the US? Canada and the United States have different economic systems even though the countries are geographically close to each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Should America and Canada Have a Common Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the economic continuum of planned, mixed and market economies, Canada has a mixed economy, and U. S has a market economy. Generally speaking, Canadians and Americans are very different people. Creating a single economy could have disastrous effects on the lives of the people and should not be done. First off, with less government involvement Canada would no longer have the things that Canadians celebrate. Secondly, the switch would go down hard on the homeless people of Canada who would now not have the government help that they desperately need and in a colder climate like that of Canada, it would be very hard for them to survive with the new economy not helping them much. And lastly, Canada already has the North American Free Trade Agreement which gives Canada, good cooperation with the United States and obviates the necessity of such a move. If the Canadian economy integrated into the American economy, the future of Canada would be destined to collapse because of the things that the people would lose. At the moment, Canada is a welfare state, where there are things such as senior pension plans, free healthcare and free education from K-12. If the economy converted, these would be no more. That would lead to the start of these services being commercialized which would make the prices skyrocket (refer to figure 1). Cost of living would go up. Health conditions would deteriorate and the workforce would not be as skilled due to higher cost of education. Also immigrant and refugee population would drop. That will adversely affect Canada’s workforce. To sum up, the Canadian economy will suffer heavily. In the United States, the government, leaves much of the economy to the private sector and this leads to a higher cost of living. To the homeless people of Canada this is bad news. First of all, Canadian homeless people live in a very cold climate where they have to buy winter jackets and such. With a higher cost, the homeless people simply cannot afford the all the things to survive winter and will have lots of problems. This would add approximately 300,000 homeless protesters that would go against the integration along with the others that want free healthcare back and would cause big problems to the government. In 1994, The North American Free Trade Association started to be implemented and free trade started between Canada, America and Mexico. Canada has the NAFTA (North American Free Trade Association) that makes Canada, United States and Mexico very good cooperative nations and together they have made the largest free trade area. [1] John McCain from the Republican party[5] said â€Å"Last year alone, we (U. S. ) exchanged some 560 billion dollars in goods, and Canada is the leading export market for 36 of the 50 United States. [2] The countries have agreed to many things that they will do for each other such as strengthen the special bonds of friendship and cooperation among their nations, contribute to the harmonious development and expansion of world trade and provide a catalyst to broader international cooperation and many more things[3] NAFTA has created a very strong foundation for future and created good cooperation for the three economies. So why does Canada need to share economies? In fact, what Canada gets from it, is not worth the expenses and risks it faces during the transition. So as a summary, making such an integration possible could lead to devastation, and a lot of struggle for the people. So this should not be done. Making the switch, takes away the joys that we celebrate such as free healthcare and makes big problems in the lives of people that depend on these services. This also raises the prices of the goods in the market making a problem for not only the common people but even more drastically for the homeless people of Canada. Also, due to NAFTA, we have very good cooperation with the United States. Is all this really worth the change? Are we going to get enough back by doing this change? How to cite Should America and Canada Have a Common Economy, Essay examples

Shamanism in Korea

Introduction Shamanism in Korea involves the religious beliefs and practices of the indigenous people in Korea. The term which modern Koreans use to refer to shamanism is Muism or Mugyo implying religion in praise of gods. Mudang is the name given to a shaman in the society. The main function of the mudang is to act as a mediator between the gods and people. The mudang is usually a woman. Shamans are consulted by people who need help from the spiritual world. Shamans preside over religious services like the gut.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Shamanism in Korea specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During this service, the Shaman calls upon the gods and spirits. She dresses up regularly in diverse set of clothes symbolizing a range of gods and spirits she calls for. The â€Å"spirits can be gods and saints from the traditional Buddhism religion, Jesus, Mary and angels among other prominent figures in the Ch ristian religion or even people who have died in the modern societies like MacArthur† ( Pentikà ¤inen 7). During this service, people offer their prayers. The shaman interprets the messages delivered from the spirits to the people. The Kut service is held in the event of functions like death to escort the person to the new world, during ordination of new shamans or even driving away evil spirits from people. The shamans have the power tom heal people. The shamans appease gods through the functions so that they can receive favor from the spirits. Discussion Korean society is not dominated with one religion just like other Asians on the Eastern side. Many Koreans became converts of Buddhism once it was introduced in the country. However, Muism was still influential even among the Koreans who had converted to Buddhism. The religion was also influenced by Christianity which was introduced by the missionaries during the colonial period. Missionaries preached against the traditiona l Korean way of Worship. Afterwards, many of the Koreans became Christian converts. Korea’s indigenous religion is re-emerging. In Northern and Southern Korea, we have many as many as 300 000 mudangs presiding over religious matters ( Owens 25). Indigenous Koreans belief in the existence of a world which is inhabited by gods and spirits. Millions of gods, spirits and ghosts exist in that world. For instance, gods governing heaven and Sansin, the spirits that control mountain. Other gods who dwell in caves, trees, stones as well the ghosts of people who died long time ago are found, in this world. The spirits have the power over people and therefore can influence people’s lives. The spirits have the power to harm people. Koreans ensured that they followed the desires of the spirits to avoid annoying them. Shamanism is based on the culture of the indigenous people.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your fi rst paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the indigenous societies, the shaman played the role of a medicine man as well as a, magician. He was different from other priests and healers because of his ability to pay visits to the spiritual world. During this time, the souls parts from the body and joins with other spirits. The spirits guided him and gave him powers over illnesses. Shamans dealt with physical, psychological and spiritual problems encountered by people. Through guidance and cancelling, they relieved people from stress. They casted out demons and healed mental disorders like madness. They were very superstitious, they believed in sorcery and witchcraft. They believed that some people had the power to cast spells on other people which caused harm. It was the work of the shaman to heal bewitched people (Keith 45). Shamans are of two types. There are those people who get possessed with spirits also referred to as charismatic shamans. Secondly, there are people who are born in a family of shamans and who inherit the powers from the parents. Charismatic shamans are found in northern part of the country. They are commonly referred to as Naerim Mudang. Such people, become gain powers after suffering from Sinbyong, a disease which is regarded as a shamanistic calling sign. After she is receives the calls, he joins another shaman who teaches her the skills and knowledge of the new profession. The shaman performs certain rites n the new shaman which changes her to a full shaman. During the rites, their souls leave them and move to the spiritual world where they meet and interact with ancestors and spirits. Those who inherit the profession are referred to as Tangol Mudang. They are mainly found on the southern part of Korea. They simply become shamans because their parents or among the ancestors was a shaman. Trance possession is of three types in Korea. Upon the death of a person, a rite called Chinogwi-Kut is performed by the Naerim Mudang aimed at esc orting the spirit of the dead person to the next world. In this case, she soothes the family of the dead person. Hereditary Shamans perform another rite after death has occurred. The â€Å"shaman communicates with the deceased person who responds through the possessed member of the family by causing shaking in the basket if the answer to the question is yes; the deceased person however expresses his sorrow through talking† (Lee 8). Finally another rite is performed by charismatic shamans where he gives his costume to his patient. After getting possessed, the client jumps up and as she dances to the tune of the drum. A shaman played two, major roles, a healer and a mediator. Shamans got healing powers from the spiritual world. Once in the spirit world, the shaman may have several spirits guiding her on the journey.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Shamanism in Korea specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The shaman is always possessed with the spirits but there are some spirits which he only comes across when in trance. They instruct him or her on what to do. The shaman is a go between spirits and people. Message is passed from the spirits to the people through the shaman. They had power to communicate with dead persons which helped in settling disputes. Some communities associate animals with spirits. for instance, sea duck is take to bet to be a â€Å"spirit animal among the Selkups because it dives in water and fly in air, the duck therefore belongs to upper and the world below† ( Lee30). The same individuality are ascribed to water fowl amongst Siberians. The Jaguars is a spirit animal among the Native American. It walks on earth, swims and climbs trees. The shamans governed all the spiritual performance for instance offering sacrifices. Artistic basics were passed from one age bracket to a different through age bracket word of mouth. Shamans played a major role passing information through songs and story telling. Shamanism is different from one place to another but there are common beliefs among them. They all belief in existence of spirits in human beings which help people incase of problems. They â€Å"believe that spirits are either good or bad† (Lee 31). There are those which bring good fortune to the societal members while other may harm the society. Shamans are diviners and their spirits parts with the body to supernatural world to search for solution of various problems The government of Korea has from time to time attempted to eradicate shamanism in the country but have not succeded. Many shamans were persecuted by government as an attempt to end the religion during the reign of Syngman Rhee and Park Chung-hee. Shamanism serves important functions in human beings and that’s the reason behind its existence even after the persecutions. The religion stems from the experience of spirits which make it different from other religion s like Islam, Buddhism and Christianity which are based on a particular doctrine and scriptures. The government on the southern part of Korea has begun to appreciate shamanist religious practices like songs and dances as important aspects of Korean culture. Tourists who visit the country are entertained with some Korean practices which were not allowed before 1970s. International hotels and restaurants call upon the shamans to perform a ritual of purification to bless them before setting up a new hotel. Shamanism is popular among indigenous Koran. They believe that solutions to their problems are achieved through the help of a shaman.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the event of sicknesses, they visit a shaman for healing. This has been a great disadvantage to them because many people have lost lives. Patients visit a shaman instead of visiting a doctor who will diagnose them and treat them according to their sickness. The possibility of wrong medication is high because they do not diagnose which makes it possible for them to administer wrong drugs ( Lee 56). Shamanism has greatly been impacted by technology and scientific inventions. In the field of medicine, psychiatry has contributed to decline in the belief of shamans. Psychiatrist a specialist in the treatment of mental disorders has proven to be more accurate in treatment than a shaman. According to Leee,†psychiatrists go beyond a shaman in examining a patient; they perform laboratory tests before prescribing the medication† (35). In addition to this, they do complicated examinations on the patient like surgery which a shaman can not do. As a result of this, many people hav e shifted their believe to the new scientific methods used by doctors today because they are accurate. Many people have now begun to lose their faith in shamans. The doctor diagnoses an individual before prescribing the necessary medication. This reduces the probability of wrong medication which may further affect the patient’s health. Shamans mainly use herbals to cure diseases. Some shamans may pretend to know the cure of some diseases when, in the real sense do not know. They may also do experiments with some herbs to patients to determine what disease a particular herb can cure. These herbs can further affect the health of people. The advantage that a doctor has over a shaman is what makes the role of shaman diminish in today’s Korea people. Medical doctors specialize in all types of diseases. Research is also continuing in effort to determine cure of diseases like HIV and Aids. Diseases initially regarded as wrath from ancestors by indigenous Koreans have been pro ved to be normal and treatable ( Lee 70). The modern government of Korea is another draw back to indigenous shamanism. The modern Korean government is against it classifying it as superstition. The government encourages them to adapt modern religions like Christianity and Islam. The religion is regarded as outdated and useless because of the beliefs of the people. This is the reason why the government prosecuted shamans so as to discourage them from the practice. Shamanism is however deep among the rural communities and the government has not managed to completely end the practice. Rural and indigenous communities however place a lot of value on the religion because it links them to their ancestors. It is through the shamans that the communities communicate with their gods. Banning the religion is a means of ending the link between the two ( Lee 83). Laurel Kendall the author of Shamans, Nostalgia and the IMF: South Korean popular religion in Motion wet into deep studies of Shamanis m in Korea for a long period of time. He studied the shamans in contemporary Korean society and came up with interesting and helpful information. His study considers shamans as remains of past because they represent the indigenous practices of the Korean people. His study over a long period of time showed that shamanism changed from time to time. Laurel went ahead to study shamanism as well as the modern communities which were undergoing changes as a result of modernization and industrialization. His ethnographic studies produced rich and reliable information because he interacted with the people during his study. Getting information directly from the respondent is an efficient way of data collection. He collected information from different shamans and studied a variety of rituals in the community. Her writings include the narratives and theories which he composed from his studies. According to her, IMF has greatly shamanism in Korea. The relationship between causes of magic and the changes brought about boy modernization are based on the IMF. Laurels field work intensive studies mainly focused on female shamans and their clients. She wanted to study the portrayal of women in the society. After the study, she found that the society went through social, political, economic as well as material changes which caused erosion of the tradition cultures. The shamans were however against the changes brought about by modernity (Kendall 20). Laurel suggests that popular religious practices keep on changing and therefore they should be studied in the present state. This is because they keep, on eliminating some of the practices and at the same time they bring in new practices. She asserts that shamans still exist in the modernized Korean cities. Shamans from the North and Southern America never liked addressing themselves as shamans. Addressing one-self as a shaman showed that one was not a true shaman. Plastic medicine men and women was the term commonly used to refer to individuals who addressed themselves as shamans in America during 1980s. People believed that effectiveness of a shaman was determined by the clients and other shamans. An individual became a potential shaman after other people addressed him as one. Many shamans and traditional healers were poor and people considered poverty as important in the practice. In America, some shamans worked full time while others worked part-time during evenings and weekends. Shamanism in America has however changed. Many of the shamans in America today are European migrants who have undergone some training in mystery school. One such example is Michael Harner. They mainly reside in the cities and are ready to serve people from all the communities. They consider their work a profession just like any other job and they charge a certain fee for the services they provide to the people (Kendall 50). Modern shamans advertise their work which makes them different from the traditional shamans who worked under them influence of gods and spirits. Modern shamans use psychological knowledge in provision of their services. In many cases, they use their knowledge, influence peoples thoughts for their own private gain. The client may pay a lot of money but end up getting no assistance. People are now confused because they do not know who to run to. Differentiating between a potential and non-potential shaman is a problem because they are found in all streets. Shamans in the traditional societies did not charge people for the services they provided. Modern shamans exploit people by charging a lot of money based on the assumption that it’s a profession. Shamanism is however valued in modern Korean and American societies. It is considered a main source of healing. Some community members have faith in shamans than in doctors. In cases of sickness, they take their patients to traditional doctors. Shamans have the power to for-see what is going to happen in future. Through the power of the spi rits, they can tell what caused particular sicknesses. Witchcraft is a common source of illnesses among indigenous Koreans. A shaman has the power to cast away spells after which the patients heals. This is impossible among modern doctors which make it hard for shamanism to completely diminish (Kendall 170). The culture of indigenous Koreans has also been influenced by exotic religions from other countries. Rituals and practices from Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, Islam and Confucianism religions were absorbed and intermingled with the practices of their indigenous religion. It is difficult to differentiate exotic from non-exotic cultures because all the cultures are intermingled into lone culture. Taoism is a polytheist religion which originated from china. It was introduced during the three kingdom period in Korea .It is a minor but influential religion in Korea. The doctrine of immorality and the worship of the mountain gods is the basis of this religion. Taoism is the common re ligion in Eastern Asia. The practices of Taoism have spread to countries like Korea and Japan. Taoism religion is characterized by charms, prayers and rituals which deal with problems regarding psychological and physical health. In the event of special occasions and worship held in temples people burn joss paper. This is a kind of offering specifically made to the spiritual word as a mark of people’s sincerity. This is also done to please spirits and ancestors. Festivals are important in Taoism religion. Spring festival and dragon boat festival borrowed from the Chinese society are examples of festivals in this religion. Taoists have two types of prayers. During special occasions and festivals, Taoist priests conduct ritual prayers. Common followers of the Taoist religion conduct morning and evening prayers to seek for blessings from god. This are referred to as common prayers. The Chinese held rituals during birth and marriage ceremonies to give thanks to their ancestor and colour red was mainly used. The Chinese performed rituals upon the death of a person to escort his spirit to the new world (Kendall 180). The missionaries arrived in Korea in 1794 ten years after the baptism of the first Korean who had gone to Beijing on a visit. Writings of Matteo Ricci a Jesuit missionary had however been present in the country from China back in the seventeenth century. These writings inspired many scholars of that time. Korean government was against Christianity because the converts discarded their cultural practices. The law against â€Å"Christianity was not enforced strictly even though some Catholics were executed in the seventeenth century† (Chongho 20). The number of Christian converts continued to increase in the country. This led to persecution which caused death of many Christians. In 1980, protestant missionaries and catholic priests came to Korea where many people became Christian converts. Missionaries from the Methodist and Presbyterian churc hes also visited the country. They developed institutions like schools, hospitals and orphanages. In the institutions, Christian doctrine was taught which led to conversion of many people. The Christian doctrine penetrated to interior societies where shamanism was practiced. Many local people became Christians and discarded their traditional way of worship. Muslims were also found in Korea. Some of the Muslims had converted in the course of the Korean War while others had moved into the country from Asia for employment purposes. Seoul was the largest mosque located at Itaewon city. Smaller mosques were also found in the smaller cities. People from Bangladesh and Pakistan also visited the country for job opportunities. Islam religion therefore became common and some indigenous Koreans became Muslim converts. International Monetary Fund is an organization formed by 187 countries. It was formed in 1945 with the aim of coming up with policies to monitor money. They also wanted to come u p with a standard way of exchanging currency as well as stable systems of payment which could be accepted by all member states. IMF also trains its member states on systems of financial management, systems of taxation and banking systems which help in boosting the economy of a country.IMF also creates a good environment for foreign, transactions to take place. Its head quarters are located in Washington. Each country is supposed to pay a certain amount to IMF depending on its ability to pay. The main function of the organization is to financially support countries with low income. The organization also gives loans to the member states (Chongho 40). International Monetary Fund has been influential to indigenous shamanism in Korea.IMF has contributed to erosion of Korean Indigenous practices especially shamanism, because of several reasons.IMF has made easened some activities like education, transport and employment opportunities since an individual can exchange currency in whatever c ountry he or she moves to.IMF allows movement from one country to another. Missionaries for example have found it easy to travel to Korea and spread the Christian doctrines. When they visit the country, they convert the currency and life continues as usual. Students move from Korea for studies in other countries. During the course of their studies, they meet and socialize with people from other countries. Some get assimilated so that they forget their own culture while others borrow cultural practices from other students. In the course of the study, some Korean citizens intermarry with people from other cultural groups (Chongho 50). International Monetary Fund has made it easy for tourists to move from one country to another. Once tourists move from Korea to other countries, they learn other cultural practices. Tourists move for pleasure. Once they come across practices which favor them, they adopt them. On the other hand, tourists from other countries which visit Korea take with th em their cultural practices some of which are incorporated by indigenous Koreans.IMF has contributed to employment opportunities across nations. Member states are free to work and receive equal right in other countries. Indigenous Koreans may get a job in another country. After a long period of time, the person forgets of his traditional religion. People migrate and gain citizenship in other countries. A Korean who has permanently migrated to other countries is likely to forget their practices and get absorbed in the culture of their neighbors (Chongho 90). Conclusion Religion is an important cultural element. Societies have different ways of worshipping. All cultures are equal; there is no culture which is superior to another. People should therefore respect other people’s culture. International Monetary Fund has contributed to erosion shamanism in Korea because it allows for interaction between people of different cultures. However, shamanism has not diminished completely. It is still valued and the role played by shamans is still recognized among some indigenous Koreans (Chongho 100). Works Cited Chongho, Kim. Korean Shamanism: the cultural paradox. Washington Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003 Keith, Howard. Korean shamanism: revivals, survivals, and change. London: Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch, Seoul Press, 1990. Kendall, Laurel. Nostalgias and the IMF. New York: University of Hawai’i press, 2009.print. Lee, Jung. Korean shamanistic rituals. New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1981. Owens, Donald. Korean shamanism: its components, context, and functions. New York: University of Oklahoma, 1975. Pentikà ¤inen, Juha. Shamanism and Northern ecology. New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1996.Print. This research paper on Shamanism in Korea was written and submitted by user Jimena H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.