Shamanism in Korea

Introduction Shamanism in Korea involves the religious beliefs and practices of the indigenous people in Korea. The term which modern Koreans use to refer to shamanism is Muism or Mugyo implying religion in praise of gods. Mudang is the name given to a shaman in the society. The main function of the mudang is to act as a mediator between the gods and people. The mudang is usually a woman. Shamans are consulted by people who need help from the spiritual world. Shamans preside over religious services like the gut.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Shamanism in Korea specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During this service, the Shaman calls upon the gods and spirits. She dresses up regularly in diverse set of clothes symbolizing a range of gods and spirits she calls for. The â€Å"spirits can be gods and saints from the traditional Buddhism religion, Jesus, Mary and angels among other prominent figures in the Ch ristian religion or even people who have died in the modern societies like MacArthur† ( Pentikà ¤inen 7). During this service, people offer their prayers. The shaman interprets the messages delivered from the spirits to the people. The Kut service is held in the event of functions like death to escort the person to the new world, during ordination of new shamans or even driving away evil spirits from people. The shamans have the power tom heal people. The shamans appease gods through the functions so that they can receive favor from the spirits. Discussion Korean society is not dominated with one religion just like other Asians on the Eastern side. Many Koreans became converts of Buddhism once it was introduced in the country. However, Muism was still influential even among the Koreans who had converted to Buddhism. The religion was also influenced by Christianity which was introduced by the missionaries during the colonial period. Missionaries preached against the traditiona l Korean way of Worship. Afterwards, many of the Koreans became Christian converts. Korea’s indigenous religion is re-emerging. In Northern and Southern Korea, we have many as many as 300 000 mudangs presiding over religious matters ( Owens 25). Indigenous Koreans belief in the existence of a world which is inhabited by gods and spirits. Millions of gods, spirits and ghosts exist in that world. For instance, gods governing heaven and Sansin, the spirits that control mountain. Other gods who dwell in caves, trees, stones as well the ghosts of people who died long time ago are found, in this world. The spirits have the power over people and therefore can influence people’s lives. The spirits have the power to harm people. Koreans ensured that they followed the desires of the spirits to avoid annoying them. Shamanism is based on the culture of the indigenous people.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your fi rst paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the indigenous societies, the shaman played the role of a medicine man as well as a, magician. He was different from other priests and healers because of his ability to pay visits to the spiritual world. During this time, the souls parts from the body and joins with other spirits. The spirits guided him and gave him powers over illnesses. Shamans dealt with physical, psychological and spiritual problems encountered by people. Through guidance and cancelling, they relieved people from stress. They casted out demons and healed mental disorders like madness. They were very superstitious, they believed in sorcery and witchcraft. They believed that some people had the power to cast spells on other people which caused harm. It was the work of the shaman to heal bewitched people (Keith 45). Shamans are of two types. There are those people who get possessed with spirits also referred to as charismatic shamans. Secondly, there are people who are born in a family of shamans and who inherit the powers from the parents. Charismatic shamans are found in northern part of the country. They are commonly referred to as Naerim Mudang. Such people, become gain powers after suffering from Sinbyong, a disease which is regarded as a shamanistic calling sign. After she is receives the calls, he joins another shaman who teaches her the skills and knowledge of the new profession. The shaman performs certain rites n the new shaman which changes her to a full shaman. During the rites, their souls leave them and move to the spiritual world where they meet and interact with ancestors and spirits. Those who inherit the profession are referred to as Tangol Mudang. They are mainly found on the southern part of Korea. They simply become shamans because their parents or among the ancestors was a shaman. Trance possession is of three types in Korea. Upon the death of a person, a rite called Chinogwi-Kut is performed by the Naerim Mudang aimed at esc orting the spirit of the dead person to the next world. In this case, she soothes the family of the dead person. Hereditary Shamans perform another rite after death has occurred. The â€Å"shaman communicates with the deceased person who responds through the possessed member of the family by causing shaking in the basket if the answer to the question is yes; the deceased person however expresses his sorrow through talking† (Lee 8). Finally another rite is performed by charismatic shamans where he gives his costume to his patient. After getting possessed, the client jumps up and as she dances to the tune of the drum. A shaman played two, major roles, a healer and a mediator. Shamans got healing powers from the spiritual world. Once in the spirit world, the shaman may have several spirits guiding her on the journey.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Shamanism in Korea specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The shaman is always possessed with the spirits but there are some spirits which he only comes across when in trance. They instruct him or her on what to do. The shaman is a go between spirits and people. Message is passed from the spirits to the people through the shaman. They had power to communicate with dead persons which helped in settling disputes. Some communities associate animals with spirits. for instance, sea duck is take to bet to be a â€Å"spirit animal among the Selkups because it dives in water and fly in air, the duck therefore belongs to upper and the world below† ( Lee30). The same individuality are ascribed to water fowl amongst Siberians. The Jaguars is a spirit animal among the Native American. It walks on earth, swims and climbs trees. The shamans governed all the spiritual performance for instance offering sacrifices. Artistic basics were passed from one age bracket to a different through age bracket word of mouth. Shamans played a major role passing information through songs and story telling. Shamanism is different from one place to another but there are common beliefs among them. They all belief in existence of spirits in human beings which help people incase of problems. They â€Å"believe that spirits are either good or bad† (Lee 31). There are those which bring good fortune to the societal members while other may harm the society. Shamans are diviners and their spirits parts with the body to supernatural world to search for solution of various problems The government of Korea has from time to time attempted to eradicate shamanism in the country but have not succeded. Many shamans were persecuted by government as an attempt to end the religion during the reign of Syngman Rhee and Park Chung-hee. Shamanism serves important functions in human beings and that’s the reason behind its existence even after the persecutions. The religion stems from the experience of spirits which make it different from other religion s like Islam, Buddhism and Christianity which are based on a particular doctrine and scriptures. The government on the southern part of Korea has begun to appreciate shamanist religious practices like songs and dances as important aspects of Korean culture. Tourists who visit the country are entertained with some Korean practices which were not allowed before 1970s. International hotels and restaurants call upon the shamans to perform a ritual of purification to bless them before setting up a new hotel. Shamanism is popular among indigenous Koran. They believe that solutions to their problems are achieved through the help of a shaman.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the event of sicknesses, they visit a shaman for healing. This has been a great disadvantage to them because many people have lost lives. Patients visit a shaman instead of visiting a doctor who will diagnose them and treat them according to their sickness. The possibility of wrong medication is high because they do not diagnose which makes it possible for them to administer wrong drugs ( Lee 56). Shamanism has greatly been impacted by technology and scientific inventions. In the field of medicine, psychiatry has contributed to decline in the belief of shamans. Psychiatrist a specialist in the treatment of mental disorders has proven to be more accurate in treatment than a shaman. According to Leee,†psychiatrists go beyond a shaman in examining a patient; they perform laboratory tests before prescribing the medication† (35). In addition to this, they do complicated examinations on the patient like surgery which a shaman can not do. As a result of this, many people hav e shifted their believe to the new scientific methods used by doctors today because they are accurate. Many people have now begun to lose their faith in shamans. The doctor diagnoses an individual before prescribing the necessary medication. This reduces the probability of wrong medication which may further affect the patient’s health. Shamans mainly use herbals to cure diseases. Some shamans may pretend to know the cure of some diseases when, in the real sense do not know. They may also do experiments with some herbs to patients to determine what disease a particular herb can cure. These herbs can further affect the health of people. The advantage that a doctor has over a shaman is what makes the role of shaman diminish in today’s Korea people. Medical doctors specialize in all types of diseases. Research is also continuing in effort to determine cure of diseases like HIV and Aids. Diseases initially regarded as wrath from ancestors by indigenous Koreans have been pro ved to be normal and treatable ( Lee 70). The modern government of Korea is another draw back to indigenous shamanism. The modern Korean government is against it classifying it as superstition. The government encourages them to adapt modern religions like Christianity and Islam. The religion is regarded as outdated and useless because of the beliefs of the people. This is the reason why the government prosecuted shamans so as to discourage them from the practice. Shamanism is however deep among the rural communities and the government has not managed to completely end the practice. Rural and indigenous communities however place a lot of value on the religion because it links them to their ancestors. It is through the shamans that the communities communicate with their gods. Banning the religion is a means of ending the link between the two ( Lee 83). Laurel Kendall the author of Shamans, Nostalgia and the IMF: South Korean popular religion in Motion wet into deep studies of Shamanis m in Korea for a long period of time. He studied the shamans in contemporary Korean society and came up with interesting and helpful information. His study considers shamans as remains of past because they represent the indigenous practices of the Korean people. His study over a long period of time showed that shamanism changed from time to time. Laurel went ahead to study shamanism as well as the modern communities which were undergoing changes as a result of modernization and industrialization. His ethnographic studies produced rich and reliable information because he interacted with the people during his study. Getting information directly from the respondent is an efficient way of data collection. He collected information from different shamans and studied a variety of rituals in the community. Her writings include the narratives and theories which he composed from his studies. According to her, IMF has greatly shamanism in Korea. The relationship between causes of magic and the changes brought about boy modernization are based on the IMF. Laurels field work intensive studies mainly focused on female shamans and their clients. She wanted to study the portrayal of women in the society. After the study, she found that the society went through social, political, economic as well as material changes which caused erosion of the tradition cultures. The shamans were however against the changes brought about by modernity (Kendall 20). Laurel suggests that popular religious practices keep on changing and therefore they should be studied in the present state. This is because they keep, on eliminating some of the practices and at the same time they bring in new practices. She asserts that shamans still exist in the modernized Korean cities. Shamans from the North and Southern America never liked addressing themselves as shamans. Addressing one-self as a shaman showed that one was not a true shaman. Plastic medicine men and women was the term commonly used to refer to individuals who addressed themselves as shamans in America during 1980s. People believed that effectiveness of a shaman was determined by the clients and other shamans. An individual became a potential shaman after other people addressed him as one. Many shamans and traditional healers were poor and people considered poverty as important in the practice. In America, some shamans worked full time while others worked part-time during evenings and weekends. Shamanism in America has however changed. Many of the shamans in America today are European migrants who have undergone some training in mystery school. One such example is Michael Harner. They mainly reside in the cities and are ready to serve people from all the communities. They consider their work a profession just like any other job and they charge a certain fee for the services they provide to the people (Kendall 50). Modern shamans advertise their work which makes them different from the traditional shamans who worked under them influence of gods and spirits. Modern shamans use psychological knowledge in provision of their services. In many cases, they use their knowledge, influence peoples thoughts for their own private gain. The client may pay a lot of money but end up getting no assistance. People are now confused because they do not know who to run to. Differentiating between a potential and non-potential shaman is a problem because they are found in all streets. Shamans in the traditional societies did not charge people for the services they provided. Modern shamans exploit people by charging a lot of money based on the assumption that it’s a profession. Shamanism is however valued in modern Korean and American societies. It is considered a main source of healing. Some community members have faith in shamans than in doctors. In cases of sickness, they take their patients to traditional doctors. Shamans have the power to for-see what is going to happen in future. Through the power of the spi rits, they can tell what caused particular sicknesses. Witchcraft is a common source of illnesses among indigenous Koreans. A shaman has the power to cast away spells after which the patients heals. This is impossible among modern doctors which make it hard for shamanism to completely diminish (Kendall 170). The culture of indigenous Koreans has also been influenced by exotic religions from other countries. Rituals and practices from Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, Islam and Confucianism religions were absorbed and intermingled with the practices of their indigenous religion. It is difficult to differentiate exotic from non-exotic cultures because all the cultures are intermingled into lone culture. Taoism is a polytheist religion which originated from china. It was introduced during the three kingdom period in Korea .It is a minor but influential religion in Korea. The doctrine of immorality and the worship of the mountain gods is the basis of this religion. Taoism is the common re ligion in Eastern Asia. The practices of Taoism have spread to countries like Korea and Japan. Taoism religion is characterized by charms, prayers and rituals which deal with problems regarding psychological and physical health. In the event of special occasions and worship held in temples people burn joss paper. This is a kind of offering specifically made to the spiritual word as a mark of people’s sincerity. This is also done to please spirits and ancestors. Festivals are important in Taoism religion. Spring festival and dragon boat festival borrowed from the Chinese society are examples of festivals in this religion. Taoists have two types of prayers. During special occasions and festivals, Taoist priests conduct ritual prayers. Common followers of the Taoist religion conduct morning and evening prayers to seek for blessings from god. This are referred to as common prayers. The Chinese held rituals during birth and marriage ceremonies to give thanks to their ancestor and colour red was mainly used. The Chinese performed rituals upon the death of a person to escort his spirit to the new world (Kendall 180). The missionaries arrived in Korea in 1794 ten years after the baptism of the first Korean who had gone to Beijing on a visit. Writings of Matteo Ricci a Jesuit missionary had however been present in the country from China back in the seventeenth century. These writings inspired many scholars of that time. Korean government was against Christianity because the converts discarded their cultural practices. The law against â€Å"Christianity was not enforced strictly even though some Catholics were executed in the seventeenth century† (Chongho 20). The number of Christian converts continued to increase in the country. This led to persecution which caused death of many Christians. In 1980, protestant missionaries and catholic priests came to Korea where many people became Christian converts. Missionaries from the Methodist and Presbyterian churc hes also visited the country. They developed institutions like schools, hospitals and orphanages. In the institutions, Christian doctrine was taught which led to conversion of many people. The Christian doctrine penetrated to interior societies where shamanism was practiced. Many local people became Christians and discarded their traditional way of worship. Muslims were also found in Korea. Some of the Muslims had converted in the course of the Korean War while others had moved into the country from Asia for employment purposes. Seoul was the largest mosque located at Itaewon city. Smaller mosques were also found in the smaller cities. People from Bangladesh and Pakistan also visited the country for job opportunities. Islam religion therefore became common and some indigenous Koreans became Muslim converts. International Monetary Fund is an organization formed by 187 countries. It was formed in 1945 with the aim of coming up with policies to monitor money. They also wanted to come u p with a standard way of exchanging currency as well as stable systems of payment which could be accepted by all member states. IMF also trains its member states on systems of financial management, systems of taxation and banking systems which help in boosting the economy of a country.IMF also creates a good environment for foreign, transactions to take place. Its head quarters are located in Washington. Each country is supposed to pay a certain amount to IMF depending on its ability to pay. The main function of the organization is to financially support countries with low income. The organization also gives loans to the member states (Chongho 40). International Monetary Fund has been influential to indigenous shamanism in Korea.IMF has contributed to erosion of Korean Indigenous practices especially shamanism, because of several reasons.IMF has made easened some activities like education, transport and employment opportunities since an individual can exchange currency in whatever c ountry he or she moves to.IMF allows movement from one country to another. Missionaries for example have found it easy to travel to Korea and spread the Christian doctrines. When they visit the country, they convert the currency and life continues as usual. Students move from Korea for studies in other countries. During the course of their studies, they meet and socialize with people from other countries. Some get assimilated so that they forget their own culture while others borrow cultural practices from other students. In the course of the study, some Korean citizens intermarry with people from other cultural groups (Chongho 50). International Monetary Fund has made it easy for tourists to move from one country to another. Once tourists move from Korea to other countries, they learn other cultural practices. Tourists move for pleasure. Once they come across practices which favor them, they adopt them. On the other hand, tourists from other countries which visit Korea take with th em their cultural practices some of which are incorporated by indigenous Koreans.IMF has contributed to employment opportunities across nations. Member states are free to work and receive equal right in other countries. Indigenous Koreans may get a job in another country. After a long period of time, the person forgets of his traditional religion. People migrate and gain citizenship in other countries. A Korean who has permanently migrated to other countries is likely to forget their practices and get absorbed in the culture of their neighbors (Chongho 90). Conclusion Religion is an important cultural element. Societies have different ways of worshipping. All cultures are equal; there is no culture which is superior to another. People should therefore respect other people’s culture. International Monetary Fund has contributed to erosion shamanism in Korea because it allows for interaction between people of different cultures. However, shamanism has not diminished completely. It is still valued and the role played by shamans is still recognized among some indigenous Koreans (Chongho 100). Works Cited Chongho, Kim. Korean Shamanism: the cultural paradox. Washington Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003 Keith, Howard. Korean shamanism: revivals, survivals, and change. London: Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch, Seoul Press, 1990. Kendall, Laurel. Nostalgias and the IMF. New York: University of Hawai’i press, 2009.print. Lee, Jung. Korean shamanistic rituals. New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1981. Owens, Donald. Korean shamanism: its components, context, and functions. New York: University of Oklahoma, 1975. Pentikà ¤inen, Juha. Shamanism and Northern ecology. New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1996.Print. This research paper on Shamanism in Korea was written and submitted by user Jimena H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Heterogeneous vs. Homogeneous Mixtures

Heterogeneous vs. Homogeneous Mixtures The terms heterogeneous and homogeneous refer to mixtures of materials in chemistry. The difference between heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures is the degree to which the materials are mixed together and the uniformity of their composition. A homogeneous mixture is a mixture where the components that make up the mixture are uniformly distributed throughout the mixture. The composition of the mixture is the same throughout. There is only one phase of matter observed in a homogeneous mixture. So, you wouldnt observe both a liquid and a gas or a liquid and a solid in a homogeneous mixture. 1:43 Watch Now: What's the Difference Between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous? Homogeneous Mixture Examples There are several examples of homogeneous mixtures encountered in everyday life: AirSugar waterRainwaterVodkaVinegarDishwashing detergentSteel You cant pick out components of a homogeneous mixture or use a simple mechanical means to separate them. You cant see individual chemicals or ingredients in this type of mixture. Only one phase of matter is present in a homogeneous mixture. A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture where the components of the mixture are not uniform or have localized regions with different properties. Different samples from the mixture are not identical to each other. There are always two or more phases in a heterogeneous mixture, where you can identify a region with properties that are distinct from those of another region, even if they are the same state of matter (e.g., liquid, solid). Heterogeneous Mixture Examples Heterogeneous mixtures are more common than homogeneous mixtures. Examples include: Cereal in milkVegetable soupPizzaBloodGravelIce in sodaSalad dressingMixed nutsBowl of colored candiesSoil Usually, its possible to physically separate components of a heterogeneous mixture. For example, you can centrifuge (spin out) solid blood cells to separate them from the plasma of blood. You can remove ice cubes from soda. You can separate candies according to color. Telling Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures Apart Mostly, the difference between the two types of mixtures is a matter of scale. If you look closely at sand from a beach, you can see the different components, such as shells, coral, sand, and organic matter. Its a heterogeneous mixture. If, however, you view a large volume of sand from a distance, its impossible to discern the different types of particles. The mixture is homogeneous. This can seem confusing! To identify the nature of a mixture, consider its sample size. If you can see more than one phase of matter or different regions in the sample, it is heterogeneous. If the composition of the mixture appears uniform no matter where you sample it, the mixture is homogeneous.

How to gain experience without experience 7 ways to land your dream job

How to gain experience without experience 7 ways to land your dream job If you currently have the day job that pays the bills but isn’t quite building towards your career goals, or you want to switch career tracks, then you have to be smart about collecting the skills you need to bolster your resume. Beyond the day job, there are ways to demonstrate and build the skills that will look good to future employers and prove your worth in a new position. It may take a little bit of hustle and some extra unpaid labor, but it can pay off in the long run. 8 ways to gain skills to get the job you want1. Target the entry-level positionFirst, you need to research the skills you need. Figure out the places where you find yourself saying, â€Å"I’d love to work there, if only†¦ † or â€Å"I’d love to do this, but first I need to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Find out specifics. What are the skills emphasized in these job ads? What skills do you currently have that are transferrable? Then, work from there. Setting your sights on an entry-level job in your preferred industry while building the skills required for the dream job are a winning combo.2. Take classesMost importantly, you want to figure out ways you can build these skills beyond the traditional workplace setting. Building skills through small certificate programs or local or online classes are a good way to learn and demonstrate your abilities. Taking classes can also show your motivation to prospective employers.Online courses are a convenient way to build your skills or interests on your own time. Whether it’s a Google Analytics certificate, or a continuing studies course in graphic design at your local art school, you can find low-cost ways to build your skills in a new area.3. Take on self-motivated projectsDid you take that class in graphic design? Great. Now make a website of your sample work. Gather a portfolio. Take the knowledge you have and translate it into action. This extra step can lead to a showcase of your skills and work beyond a line on a resume, and it demonstrates to future employers your ability to take initiative.4. Build your online presenceBeyond a website, there are a number of social media platforms available to keep you informed on your industry of choice and help you interact with that industry. â€Å"Liking† an organization on social media and staying up-to-date is the first step. In addition to following any appropriate feeds, you can build your own presence surrounding that field, while developing your knowledge. For example, if you want to work in a museum, follow art news feeds and link to articles you find interesting. A lot more employers are looking at prospective employees’ social media, so let that be a plus for you.Beyond these basics of staying on top of industry trends, you can build your own stories on YouTube, Snapchat, Instagram, Twitter, or your platform of choice. Investing the time to engage with your industry will keep you informed of opportunities available and the skills you need to get the position you want.5. Consider a side gigPart-time work or freelance work is a great way to get your foot in the door for a new position. It likely won’t come with benefits, but it can help you develop skills and experience in a new area as a stepping stone toward a full-time position. These smaller side gigs can help bolster your resume with smaller projects related to your desired in dustry.6. Explore internship opportunitiesWhile an internship often requires a bigger (and often unpaid) commitment than a side gig, getting one at an organization can often lead to longer-term work. Helping with a company’s odds and ends can also really show you an insider’s view of the industry and what it is like working at a particular organization.7. VolunteerWhether it’s working on a political campaign, for a local environmental humanitarian organization, at a neighborhood food bank, or anywhere else that needs a helping hand, volunteering can demonstrate your passion and commitment to more than just your own personal goals. Employers also often value soft skills like collaboration, so you can let your volunteer work speak to that side of your merit.You can also gain job skills in whatever aspect of the work you do on a voluntary basis. If you want to work in marketing, for example, volunteering to assist on a marketing department campaign at a service or ganization can help you gain necessary skills and insight and help you land your next job.8. Find opportunities at workThe easiest way to go about gaining skills is to look at the place that already pays you to do work. Find projects within your current job that can support a career move and help you build new skills- whether it’s simply offering help on a project for a colleague or directly asking your superiors for opportunities. You can slowly gain experience that will expand your resume and still get paid to do it. Get an idea, take some initiative, and go for it.

Would children be better served by a program devised by Texas for Essay

Would children be better served by a program devised by Texas for TEXAS - Essay Example The education system hence has roots in the federal controlled program. According to some activist and politicians, some people prefer the education system to be run at the state level rather than at the government level (James & Kevin 17). Education should be managed and controlled at the state local level since different communities have corresponding different needs. Employing a similar curriculum in all may sideline some community’s important aspects of their culture. For example, if examinations show that a certain school is poor in mathematics, it is quite easy to adjust to change this deficit. The parents and the community of Texas at large are well conversant with the educational needs in the society than someone else in California. If the students of Texas are more interested in a certain career than the other, then this passion should be exploited for mass output of human brains. Education controlled at the state level would allocate schools the flexibility they requ ire particularly in managerial and teaching practice. Different populations of our children face different obstacles in learning. Additionally, these children learn in a different manner due to different upbringing, peer influence and cultural activity. We have to recognize this and react by offering schools much freedom to change with circumstances (James & Kevin 77). This will minimize wasteful allocations made from the current federal government which has little use locally. The flexibility will allow schools to and states to plan and implement their timetables and annual calendars appropriately in favor of their other activities and climatic conditions. For instance, when it is too hot in Texas, it may be apparently too cold I another state making education for children not favorable. Hence, having education managed at the local stage will allow the state of Texas to implement a new curriculum and education annual c calendar specifically suiting economic, climatic and political activities in Texas. In accordance to an article in New York Times by Kate Taylor on 6th March, 2012, entailing school funds allocation being reduced by the government to schools, if states had taken excellent control of school, such a thing could not be affect them. According to the interview by John on education, this leadership structure would promote more co-operations between school boards and city/municipality/county governments in district control. Funding resolutions would be completed by a working group consisting of board members in Texas and potentially extra mayor-selected members while curriculum decisions and instruction would be exclusively dealt with by the school board. This has the benefit of allowing school boards on focusing on what they do or can do best as far as education is concerned and allows voters to command the school board in terms of performance regular observation (Robert 78). School superintendents would proceed as the unifying oblige between the sta te and the federal government and a countenance to the public. It will be easier for parents to reach the local administration, monitor their children educational systems and contribute to any reforms and procedures required. For instance, if parents are complaining about a certain issue concerning education, they will not have to travel all the way to the federal government educational headquarters to be addressed on their demands. They will instead visit the educational board managing education here in Texas and have their problem solved by the board. This will enhance a bit of democracy and time consciousness in Texas community (Sheppard 88). This is because the educational system will run on its own as a

Pre-eclampsia discussion on hypertension in antenatal Essay

Pre-eclampsia discussion on hypertension in antenatal - Essay Example A midwife’s primary role in properly assessing the situation and giving diagnosis is discussed. Focus is also given to the cooperation between midwives and other HCPs when dealing with conditions that are not usually seen among patients. To aid in the discussion, a case of a pregnant patient, Julie, is used as an example. Julie’s pregnancy is made complicated by the increased blood pressure and protein in blood observed late in pregnancy. The flow of this paper is as follows. First, a summary of the patient’s case is given. More details, should the summary be found lacking, are provided in the appendix. Next, the various roles of midwives are elaborated, especially in cases of pregnancy. Third, pregnancy-associated high blood pressure disorders, its causes and risk factors, symptoms, complications, and treatment are looked upon. Finally, the appropriateness of the attending midwife’s actions in dealing with Julie’s case is assessed. There is a concerted effort among international HCP associations to care for not only the physical, but the psychological, spiritual and social well-being of a woman and her family. A midwife must do her part on this venture by monitoring such aspects of a woman’s life, especially during the child-bearing cycle. As defined by the International Confederation of Midwives (ICM), midwives are licensed, autonomous HCPs who are specialized to provide well-being related to women’s reproductive health including gynaecological tests, family planning, sexual health, antenatal tests, delivery, postpartum care and menopausal care. Aside from facilitating birth giving and taking care of the newborn infant, they are responsible and accountable for giving proper advice to expectant mothers so that each of them will have a normal pregnancy and natural parturition. This includes preventive measures such as giving advice on diet and

A Media Specialist’s Role in the Research Process :: Librarians Library Media Specialist Role Essays

A Media Specialist’s Role in the Research Process When settlers from the East planned to â€Å"go West,† they faced many challenges. Becoming hopelessly lost was likely. Starvation was a possibility. Floods threatened total destruction. Settlers needed an experienced guide to lead them to their destination. When students begin research projects, they face similar challenges—although the challenges are intellectual rather than physical. They can become hopelessly lost as they try to follow Internet links from one site to another. They can be starved for good information. They can be flooded with note cards that contain bland and useless facts. Students need a guide. They need a school librarian who can lead them along the trail of solid, meaningful research. The librarian must understand the student’s assignment, assist with locating helpful resources, and know the basic processes for writing a research paper. Understanding the student’s research project assignment requires conducting a reference interview. In the Online Dictionary of Library and Information Science by Joan M. Reitz, a reference interview is defined as â€Å"the interpersonal communication that occurs between a reference librarian and a library user to determine the person’s specific information need(s), which may turn out to be different than the reference question as initially posed.† The key to this interview is good communication initiated by the librarian. Before any exchange of information takes place, an â€Å"attitude† exists. â€Å"How the student perceives his or her question will be received† (Riedling) contributes to the overall tone of the interview. The librarian must provide an atmosphere that is comfortable for the student to seek information. In addition to the physical surroundings, the librarian must use both verbal and nonverbal skills to encourage the student. According to Riedling, nonverbal strategies include â€Å"physical gestures, posture, facial expressions, tone of voice, and eye contact.† The media specialist must ask open questions and practice active listening, while utilizing other verbal skills including â€Å"remembering, restating, paraphrasing, closure, and inclusion.†(Underdown) The librarian must determine just what sort of information is needed and the depth that is required. The process is accurately summed up by Riedling’s statement â€Å"that a successful reference interview is one in which the student feels satisfied that you have given personal attention and accurate information.

Basic Law (Tort)

Building law and contract admin Assignment no 2 Tort Volenti non fit injuria Latin / voluntary assumption of risk. A defence in tort that means where a person engages in an event accepting and aware of the risks inherent in that event, then they can not later complain of, or seek compensation for an injury suffered during the event. This is used most often to defend against tort actions as a result of a sports injury Smith v Charles baker & son 1891 Dulieu v White and son 1901 Herd v Weardale Steel and Coal 1914 Doctrine From the Latin word doctrina meaning â€Å"teachings. Something taught as a the principle or creed especially in religion. A rule or principle of law established through its repeated use. Doctrine of alternative danger The plaintiff is supposed to be careful in spite of the defendant's negligence, there may be certain circumstances when the plaintiff is justified in taking some risk where some dangerous situation has been created by the defendant. The plaintiff migh t become perplexed or nervous by the dangerous situation and to save his person and property, or sometimes to save a third party from such danger, he may take an alternative risk.The law, therefore, permits the plaintiff to encounter an alternative danger to save himself from the danger created by the defendant. If the course adopted by him results in some harm to himself, his action against the defendant will not fail. The judgment of the plaintiff should not, however, be rash. The plaintiff is not only justified in taking risk for himself, he may take risks for others as well. Jones v Boyce 1816 Thin Skull Rule An additional exposure in tort liability towards persons who are particularly vulnerable or more fragile than the norm, who may have inherent weaknesses or a pre-existing vulnerability or condition.The tort-feasor takes his victim as he finds them he compensates for all damages he caused, even if damages are elevated compared to a norm because the plaintiff was thin skulled . The principle appears to have emanated from a 1901 English case, Dulieu v White and Sons, where it was stated â€Å"If a man is negligently run over or otherwise negligently injured in his body, it is no answer to the sufferer’s claim for damage that he would have suffered less injury, or no injury at all, if he had not had an unusually thin skull or an unusually weak heart. For example, if a person who has physical or psychological infirmities which extend, beyond a the norm, his/her recovery from injuries resulting from another’s tort, the defendant’s damages are not discounted accordingly but, instead, are adjusted upwards to fit the â€Å"thin skulled† victim Dulieu v White and Sons 1901 Contributory Negligence The negligence of a person which, while not being the primary cause of a tort, nevertheless combined with the act or omission of the primary defendant to cause the tort, and without which the tort would not have occurred.Contributory neglige nce applies solely to the conduct of the claimant. It means that there has been some act or omission on the claimant's part which has materially contributed to the damage caused and is of such a nature that it may properly be described as negligence. Froom v Butcher 1976 Nance v BC Electric Railway Co. 1951 Stinton v Stinton 1993 Res Ipsa Loquitur Latin / the thing speaks for itself Generally, in tort, the mere fact of an accident is not proof of negligence. But in some cases, negligence is presumed on the defendant since the object causing injury was in or under his or her control.This is the res ipsa loquitur doctrine. Res ipsa loquitur is a rebuttable presumption rebutted by showing that the event was an inevitable accident and had nothing to do with the defendant’s responsibility of control or supervision. Examples of res ipsa loquitur, not all of which can be assumed to apply today which illustrate the doctrine. Getting hit by a rock which flies off a passing dump truck. A ship in motion collides with an anchored ship. Damages occasioned by the collision of two trains of a same railway. Devine v Colville’s ltd 1969Royal bank of Scotland v Etridge 2001 Donohue v Stevenson 1931 Question 2 i. Which parties may be liable for the injury and losses suffered Introduction To deal with the liabilities of this case I feel it would be poignant to break the case down and investigate each individual parties involvement and therefore liability. List of parties possibly involved West Kent collage Buildright Ltd Kentcrete Ltd Driver 1 ( using the designated entrance) Driver 2 (using the staff and student entrance) Driver 3 (driver of the car)Student 1 (the driver of the car) Student 2 (student that was hit by the car) Student 3 (who was sick due to the accident) Air ambulance service Hospital West Kent collage West Kent collage had appointed a competent contractor to legally carry out the construction of the new building and would not seam to be directly in volved in the accident, Although they do have a reasonability of care to there students. The students involved were in areas that were designated for there use, and therefore not acting illegally or with negligence.The fact that student 1 was in the driver seat in the car would imply that the car was, just stationary, and not parked illegally. Due to the collage being â€Å" to far away† or â€Å"not directly involved† the collage in my opinion would not be liable in any way Buildright Ltd As with the West Kent collages involvement build right Ltd would be considered to have a duty of care for the overall running of the construction process and all parties therefore involved, however again it can be reasonably expected that Kentcrete the local supplier would carry out there task of delivering the concrete in a legal and competent manor.Therefore no liability for the accident would be upheld. Kentcrete Ltd Kentcrete would be considered to have a direct or primary reason ability for the actions of its employees under the law of vicarious liability. Employers are vicariously liable for the torts of their employees that are committed during the course of employment. they could therefore be held responsible for driver 1 and driver 2’s actions. Driver 1 using the correct entrance, and having no problems can be exonerated from any responsibility.Driver 2’s action of using the wrong entrance and then crashing into the car would therefore make kentcrete liable under the rules of vicarious liability. Driver no 1 (using the designated entrance) Although the driver may have been â€Å"keen to deliver†, he/she used the correct entrance, had no accident, and would therefore not be held reasonable in any way. Driver no 2 ( using the student and staff entrance) This driver would be considered to have committed a tort or â€Å"wrong† by intentionally using the wrong entrance, or at least being negligent by not using the designated one.H e/ she would be considered to be liable of negligence as it would be reasonable to expect the driver to use the correct entrance. He / She could also be held reasonable for the injuries to student no 2 as being a direct cause by hitting the car. Student no 1 (the driver of the car) Student no 1 could not be held responsible for the injuries to student no 2 He/She had not committed a tort, and was not a employee of the companies involved, it would not be reasonable to expect student no1 to be able to foresee the actions of Driver no 2.Therefore no liability would be upheld for the injuries caused to student no 2. He / She would not be guilty of trespass to the person as there was no attempt or offer to apply unlawful force nor was there any intention to bring a an object, the car, into contact with a person. Student no 2 / Student no 3 Both theses students would not be held responsible as no tort, negligence, or trespass to the person has been committed and neither would be liable. A ir ambulance services and the hospitalNeither could be held responsible for the events that took place before they arrived, however there may be a case for negligence due to the delay that took place in treating the arrival of Student no 2. The 20 minute delay due to an admissive mistake may have been considered a breech in duty of care and therefore negligent. We would then need to approach the subject of whether the death of student no 2 was a direct result of the delay. Ii . What defences may be available to those potentially liable to avoid or reduce liabilityKentcrete Ltd could argue that the main contractor Buildright Ltd hade not made them aware of the conditions of site and that there was a specific entrance that was to be used, If this were the case it may be that build right could be held partially reasonable as The negligence of the claimant which, while not being the primary cause of a tort, nevertheless combined with the act or omission of the defendant to cause the tor t, and without which the tort would not have occurred IE if build right had told kentcrete that there was a specific entrance then the driver would have used it, therefore they contributed to the tort and could be held responsible under contributory negligence.Driver no 2 could argue the same, He / She could also argue that there were no signs to the front of the building and the entrance was unmarked, Was student no 1 under the influence of drugs or alcohol, Was it a dark day and did the stationary car have lights on, was the stationary car illegally parked at the time and causing a public nuisance or obstruction to the highway, these may not all be defences but would be considered at least mitigating circumstances. The hospital could argue that the time delay was reasonable under the circumstances, were they particularly busy. Did the time delay contribute to the deterioration of student no 2’s health or was it inevitable. Iii / iv which parties may entitled to remedies for injury and losses suffered ? Student no 2, ho is now unfortunately dead, would be unable to claim at all, but his parents, family or legal guardian would be able to claim or sue for damages, who they sued would be dependant on the findings of the hospital inquiry or the report from the corinor as to the cause of death.It may also be true that the lorry driver could be sued for manslaughter through the criminal courts. Student no 3 the driver of the stationary car could sue and claim damages for the whiplash they have suffered, loss of earnings due to the whiplash, these could be claimed through physical injury and economic loss respectively, sighting Donahue v Stevenson 1932 and Carroll v Fearon 1988. The repair to the car would be recoverable through the motor insurance of the lorry. Question 3 What is and is not recoverable through the courts ? The client may be able to recover damages from the main contractor, for all and any damage caused as a direct result of the fire.Sighting Mcardale v Admac roofing 1967 when the main contractor was found to be responsible when a roof was constructed incorrectly. Or sighting Scottish Special Housing Association v Wimpey Construction UK Ltd 1986 The main contractor in turn may be able to recover there loss from the sub contractor for negligence if the air conditioning installed was found to be at fault. Sighting Tyco fire & integrated solutions v Rolls Royce motor cars Ltd ( 2007) The neighbour who tried to extinguish the fire would not be able to recover damages for smoke inhalation or for losses through earnings, It may be the case that he could be sued himself for trespass, sighting Manchester airport v Dutton (1999) S A Mercer HNC year 1